Journal of Pediatric Care

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Fever of unknown origin with polyarthritis

Eken Y

Published Date: 2016-09-15
DOI10.21767/2471-805X.100017

Eken Y*

Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

*Corresponding Author:
Eken Y
Department of Pediatric Rheumatology
Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Tel: 0031647958978
E-mail: yusuf.eken@live.com

Received date: August 14, 2016; Accepted date: November 30,2016; Published date: December 08, 2016

Citation: Eken Y. Fever of Unknown Origin with Polyarthritis. J Pediatr Care. 2016, 2:3. doi:10.21767/2471-805X.100017

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Abstract

We describe a 14 years old male child presented with since 5 days of fever, polyarthritis and Salmon colored rash. For almost a century, this disorder is first recognized by George Frederic Still.

We describe a 14-year-old male child presented with since 5 days of fever, polyarthritis and Salmon colored rash. For almost a century, this disorder is first recognized by George Frederic Still.

Keywords

Systemic onset of JIA; Juvenile idiopathic arthritis; Salmon colored rash; Polyarthritis; Auto-immune; Remitting fever

Introduction

This disease has been defined as systemic arthritis by the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 2 systemiconset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) by the American College of Rheumatology Classification, or systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis by the European League against Rheumatism classification. Diagnosis of systemic arthritis by the ILAR criteria requires the presence of arthritis and a documented quotidian fever of at least 2 weeks’ duration, plus one of the following: typical rash, generalized lymphadenopathy, enlargement of liver or spleen, or serositis. Criteria and exclusions are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1.

pediatrics-clinical-features-systemic

Figure 1: Most common clinical features of systemic onset of JIA [2].

Major criteria Minor criteria
Fever >39°C, lasting 1 week or longer Sore throat
Arthralgia or arthritis, lasting 2 weeks or longer Recent development of significant lymphadenopathy
Typical rash Hepatomegaly or splenomegaly
Leukocytosis >10,000/mm3 with >80% polymorphonuclear cells Abnormal liver function tests
-- Negative tests for antinuclear antibody (IF) and rheumatoid factor (IgM)
Other exclusion criteria are:
▪ Infections.
▪ Malignancies (mainly malignant lymphoma).
▪ Other rheumatic disease (mainly systemic vasculitides).
Five or more criteria are required, of whom two or more must be major.

Table 1: Criteria for Still's disease - Diagnostic criteria for adult onset Still’s disease (AOSD), Yamaguchi’s criteria [5-7].

Case Presentation

The patient complained of pain in the throat since 5 days, skin rash and fever up to 39°C with since 3 days pain and swelling in the wrist and ankles. Physical examination showed a child with normal vital signs. He was alert, good oriented in time/ space and person. He had diffuse spread over his whole body salmon colored erythematous rash since 5 days (disappeared during admission after 6 days). ENT examination revealed red throat, Lymph nodules not enlarged. The lungs were clear to auscultation. There was no evidence of hepato-splenomegaly. Left knee painful at extension, not warmer than right knee, no swelling and painful wrists with limited movement [1-10].

Laboratory tests (Table 2) showed striking elevation in indicators of inflammation. CRP reached a maximum value of 259 (in first week of admission), BSE 77. White cell count is elevated (Leukocytes total number) and with a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils). Thrombocytes at admission 359, increased to naar 600. Liver- and kidney function normal. LDH increased from 677 to 1018. ANA was negative, ANCA was negative. Reuma factors negative. Urine sedimentation was negative. Serologic tests for infection were negative for: Brucella, Bartonella, Leptospirose. EBV, Mycoplasma, Parvovirus B-19. Adenovirus, Coxsackie, Measles, CMV, Borrelia burgdorferi, Serologic tests for a bacterial infection with Streptococcus showed an elevation in the antibody titer. Microbiological cultures remained negative. Fecal, blood, throat, urine cultures showed no recent infection. Fecal cultures on Salmonella and Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia species was negative (Table 2) [11-18]. Mantoux test for tuberculosis infection was negative. Radiological examination revealed no signs of malignancy.Roentgen image of thorax showed heart normal size, lungs normal, lymph nodules. Echo of abdomen showed normal liver, kidney, spleen. Skeleton scintigraphy showed increased uptake at left foot and left wrist; meaning poly-arthritis/poly-synovitis. Roentgen image of left knee showed osteochondritis dissecans ECG was normal, no sign of pericarditis (no low voltage, no STsegment elevation, no T-wave inversion) (Figure 2).

pediatrics-ECG-sign-pericarditis

Figure 2: ECG no sign of pericarditis (no low voltage, no ST-segment elevation, no T-wave inversion).

Major criteria Minor criteria
Spiking fever ≥39°C Maculopapular rash
Arthralgia Leukocytosis≥10,000/mm3
Transient erythema --
Pharyngitis --
Polymorphonuclear cells ≥80% --
Glycosylated ferritin ≤20% --

Table 2: Fautrel’s criteriafour or more major criteria are required or 3 major and 2 minor criteria[7].

Discussion and Conclusion

This case study described a 14-year-old child with persistent fever since two weeks, rash, and polyarthritis. The onset of the disease with features of recurrent fever and polyarthritis is nonspecific and may suggest bacterial or viral infection, malignancy, or another inflammatory disease. The most common clinical features in 136 children with systemic-onset JRA were fever (98%), arthritis (88%) and rash (81%). Only 39% had lymphadenopathy, 10% had pericarditis, and fewer had hepato-splenomegaly [15]. Patient in our case had the required criteria for the diagnosis of systemic arthritis by the ILAR criteria. (Fever of at least 2 weeks duration plus typical rash). Criteria and exclusions are shown in Tables 2 and 3 [2-8,19-27]. The clinical features are similar to Adult onset Still's disease [28-33]. When we compare our case of systemic onset JIA with Adult onset Still’s disease criteria, than we come to conclusion that the required criteria for Diagnosis of Still disease is similar. Child described in our case has 5 major criteria (fever >39 longer than 1 week, arthritis, salmon colored rash, leukocytosis >10.000, with >80% neutrophils) and one minor criteria (negative Rheumatoid Factor and ANA) according to Yamaguchi. Our case had 3 major criteria and one minor criterion according to Fautrel. See for ILAR criteria (Table 1) and for criteria of Yamaguchi and Fautrel (Table 2) [2-8]. The possibility of a childhood vasculitis or malignancy is excluded by radiological investigations and other clinical investigations. These exclusion criteria are also named in ILAR criteria and criteria for Still’s disease.

Test admission Week 1 Week 2 Week3
Leucocytes 17.5 29.2 21 17.2
Neutrophils 15.1 25.4 18.6 13.2
CRP 164 259 217 45
BSE (mm/h) -- 77 63 45
LD -- -- 677 1018
Thrombocyts 359 521 441 --

Table 3: Laboratory investigations.

This case shows that not the presence of the clinical evident features in the onset but the evolution of the disease eventually made the diagnosis of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. About 40% of the children with systemic JIA follow a monocyclic disease course and eventually recover almost completely, after a variable period. A small proportion of children have a polycyclic course characterized by recurrent episodes of active disease interrupted by periods of remission without medications. Studies have shown that more than one-half of the children with systemic JIA have a persistent disease course which has resulted in progressive involvement of more and more joints and moderate to severe functional disability [16].

The most important early predictors of destructive arthritis are polyarthritis, thrombocytosis, persistent fever, or the need for systemic corticosteroids in the first 6 months after disease onset [17,18,34-39].

Treatment consisted in this case of NSAIDs. Patient received high dose Naproxen. Because of side effect is NSAID switched to Indometacine retard 75 mg. With NSAID is used both to aid in control of the systemic inflammatory features (e.g., fever) and to modulate joint pain and inflammation. Because systemic features seldom respond satisfactorily to NSAIDs alone, if the diagnosis is firmly established, the early use of glucocorticoids is indicated. Intravenous methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg/day to a maximum of 1 g/day on 1 to 3 consecutive days) is effective in controlling systemic and articular features of the disease, but the effect is often short-lived. Therefore, oral prednisone (1 to 2 mg/kg/ day to a maximum of 60 mg/day in one or more doses) is often necessary. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs have been traditionally used in patients with s-JIA, with the goal of sparing glucocorticoids, but their efficacy is usually limited. Although most of the evidence is provided by uncontrolled studies, biologic agents that inhibit the three pivotal inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1 and IL-6) have already changed the approach to the treatment of s-JIA [40-45]. The role of especially IL-1 in the pathogenesis of s-JIA and predictors of response to IL-1 inhibition has been studied [22-25,44].

Abnormal expression of three of the most important proinflammatory cytokines-interleukin-6 (lL-6), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)-is characteristic of systemic JIA. De Benedetti and Martini [33] suggested that systemic JIA is an IL-6-mediated disease. Evidence to support that hypothesis is strong. IL-6 is markedly elevated in the blood and synovial fluid. [34-36] The IL-6 level increases just before each fever spike and correlates with the systemic activity of the disease, arthritis, and increase in acute phase reactants [37-41]. The abnormalities in regulation of IL-6 are also probably responsible for the limitation of growth, thrombocytosis and microcytic anemia seen in this disease [39,40].

There is accumulating evidence that inhibition of IL-1 or IL-6 is highly efficacious in a significant number of patients with persistent s-JIA, with improvements seen in both systemic symptoms and arthritis [19-21,26,28]. The long-term benefits of these approaches still need to be determined. One of the complications of systemic onset juvenile arthritis is macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). MAS bears close resemblance to secondary hemophagocytic lympho-histiocytosis (HLH) and is associated with serious morbidity and sometimes Death [29,30,46-49]. Other complication of systemic onset JIA is secondary amyloidosis. The outcome of JIA-associated amyloidosis in the Finnish series was also poor, with a mortality rate of 42% and renal insufficiency or renal transplantation required in 25% of survivors, after a mean follow-up of 15 years [32]. Autonomous stem cell transplantation for systemic onset JIA can be a future remedy. There have been studies in the past [46-50].

Final Diagnosis

Systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

References

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